Enfoques psicológicos en el manejo de enfermedades pediátricas crónicas: una revisión sistemática
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.61347/ei.v5i1.232Palabras clave:
Enfermedades crónicas, intervención psicológica, mindfulness, pediatría, terapia cognitivo-conductual, terapia de aceptación y compromisoResumen
Las enfermedades pediátricas crónicas representan un desafío multidimensional que trasciende el ámbito biomédico, afectando de manera significativa el bienestar psicológico, la adaptación conductual y la calidad de vida de niños, adolescentes y sus familias. El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre los enfoques psicológicos más efectivos en el manejo de las enfermedades pediátricas crónicas, identificar los factores moderadores que influyen en su eficacia y analizar las principales oportunidades y desafíos para su implementación clínica en distintos contextos de atención en salud. La metodología se desarrolló conforme a las directrices PRISMA 2020 y al marco PICO, mediante una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science. Se incluyeron 16 estudios originales que evaluaron intervenciones psicológicas aplicadas a la población pediátrica con enfermedades crónicas y a sus cuidadores. Los resultados evidencian que la terapia cognitivo-conductual, la terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso y las intervenciones basadas en mindfulness son los enfoques más estudiados y muestran efectos positivos consistentes sobre la regulación emocional, el afrontamiento, la adherencia terapéutica y la calidad de vida. No obstante, la eficacia de estas intervenciones está modulada por factores individuales, familiares y contextuales, como el nivel de malestar psicológico basal, la adherencia al tratamiento, el apoyo profesional y las condiciones socioculturales. En conclusión, los enfoques psicológicos constituyen componentes esenciales del manejo integral de las enfermedades pediátricas crónicas, si bien su impacto clínico depende de estrategias de implementación flexibles, culturalmente adaptadas y sostenibles.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Renata Patricia Aguilera Vasconez, Ángel Gustavo Llerena Cruz, Dayana Pauled Rodríguez Cevallos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial 4.0.
